Probability

Mathematics K–10 (2022) · Stage 4 · View this focus area on the NESA NSW Curriculum website ↗

Outcomes

Content dot points

Each dot point has its own page with resources matched to it.

Determine probabilities for chance experiments

• List the sample space for chance experiments 4 resources
• Express the probability of an event, which has a finite number of equally likely outcomes, as P(event) = (numberoffavourableoutcomes)/(totalnumberofoutcomes) 5 resources · 1 interactive/game
• Recognise that probabilities range from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain) and that equally likely outcomes have equal probabilities 4 resources · 1 interactive/game
• Verify that the total of the probabilities of all possible outcomes of an event is 1
• Identify and describe theoretical (expected) probabilities as being the likelihood of outcomes occurring under fair or unbiased conditions 1 resource · 1 interactive/game
• Explain that observed probability is the relative frequency resulting from repeated trials of a simulation and determine observed probabilities 6 resources · 4 interactive/game
• Explore relative frequencies by using a random number generator to repeat a chance experiment a number of times 2 resources · 2 interactive/game

Determine probabilities for complementary events

• Identify and describe the complement of an event 1 resource · 1 interactive/game
• Verify that the sum of the probability of an event and its complement is a total of 1 3 resources · 1 interactive/game
• Solve problems involving the probability of complementary events 3 resources
• Represent the possible outcomes for complementary events in various forms

Focus area resources

• Unit/Planning
  Stage 4 Unit 1 – making predictions (sample unit of learning)
  NSW Department of Education · Sample unit (DOCX) · Editable document · Free · Link checked 2026-10-15 · Australian context, Editable, Teacher notes
  Outcome codes found in document: MA4-FRC-C-01, MA4-PRO-C-01

Stage 4 planning resources

Stage- or course-wide documents (scope and sequences, guides) that cover this focus area alongside others.

• Unit/Planning
  Sample scope and sequence: Stage 4 core (NESA no. 11)
  NESA · Scope and sequence · Editable document · Free · Link checked 2026-10-15 · Australian context, Editable, Teacher notes
• Unit/Planning
  Stage 4 – sample scope and sequence
  NSW Department of Education · Scope and sequence (DOCX) · Editable document · Free · Link checked 2026-10-15 · Australian context, Editable, Teacher notes
• Unit/Planning
  Stage 4 – stage based – sample scope and sequence
  NSW Department of Education · Scope and sequence (DOCX) · Editable document · Free · Link checked 2026-10-15 · Australian context, Editable, Teacher notes